69: Philippians – Introduction & Knowing Christ — Philippians 3:4-4:14

Get Ready

Philippians is one of Paul’s most personal letters. He reveals his own struggles to spread the Gospel among people in the eastern Mediterranean region, and also talks about his relationships with the believers in Philippi and his appreciation for their spiritual as well as financial support.

Author

There is a consensus that the Apostle Paul did write this letter.

However, there is considerable disagreement about when he wrote it and where he was at the time. The majority holds that Paul wrote this letter during his confinement in Rome, which would mean 61 or 62 CE, (largely due to his reference to his “imprisonment,” [1:7]).

But there are two other views:

  • Some scholars believe the prison reference points to Paul’s incarceration in Caesarea under the Roman Governor Felix before he was sent to Rome [the details are in Acts 23-24].
  • Others suggest Paul wrote from Ephesus. He spent three years in this region, which would account for the visits Paul mentions in the letter [chapter 2]. However, there is no record of any imprisonment in this city.

Context

The church at Philippi was the first in Europe. During his second missionary journey Paul responded to a vision of a man asking him to “Come over to Macedonia and help us,” [Acts 16:9]. He established the church among the Gentiles, including Lydia and her family [Acts 16:14]. He left the city after a miraculous release from the local jail [all the details are in Acts 16].

The Philippian believers were some of Paul’s most consistent and generous supporters, even though the region was not as prosperous as Corinth or Ephesus. But they were like the other churches in developing and having to deal with disagreement. The scholars who support the Roman theory (above) believe Epaphroditus had brought news of the problems along with the contributions toward Paul’s support. This letter is Paul’s response to the situation.

Structure

Some consider this letter a “handbook” for believers. There are four major sections between the introduction and the conclusion. The content – concerns and admonitions – is quite directive; Paul is telling the Philippians how to conduct their lives and share their faith with very little explanation. The sections are:

  • Guidance for living the Christian life.
  • Concerns about the welfare of the church and its leaders.
  • Warning about incorrect beliefs and encouragement toward correct beliefs.
  • (More) Guidance for living the Christian life. 

This letter also demonstrates Paul’s close relationship with the Philippians in his extensive blessing at the beginning and his expression of personal appreciation of the conclusion.

Major Themes

Paul states his primary purpose early in the letter: This is my prayer, that your love may overflow more and more with knowledge and full insight . . . to produce the harvest of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ, [1:9-11]. Paul wants the Philippians to live lives that spring from and reflect the Gospel, and the way to do this is to be united in fellowship – to love and support each other as Christ loves and supports all believers.

Paul presents two other concepts to support his message:

  • Joy – this is probably Paul’s most “joy-full” letter. He uses the word sixteen times, including joy in his work, in suffering, in unity and fellowship, in support from his friends, and in knowing that others are also sharing Christ’s Gospel. C.S. Lewis said that joy was the complete and real experience of God’s grace and love that we “glimpse” in earthly pleasures; he titled the story of his discovery of Christ, Surprised by Joy.
  • Paul’s own spiritual goal – Paul uses his own aspirations, that by my speaking with all boldness, Christ will be exalted now as always in my body, whether by life or by death, [1:20]. He further describes his life as, forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead. I press on toward the goal for the prize of the heavenly call of God in Christ Jesus, [3:13-14.

While encouraging unity Paul also deals with some practical matters that evidently are causing disagreement in the church:

  • He deals once again with the Judaizers’ argument that Gentile believers must be cirucumcised: Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh! [3:2], and urges the Philippians to worship in the Spirit of God and boast in Christ Jesus and have no confidence in the flesh, [3:3].
  • And he encourages two women who had worked with him in ministry, Euodia and Syntyche, to be of the same mind in the Lord, [4:2].He does not identify the dispute but asks others to assist them.

Paul closes this letter with a very personal acknowledgement and appreciation for the Philippians’ support over the years.

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote this book? What do we know about the circumstances of writing this book? Why is there disagreement about when Paul wrote this letter?

2. Who is the intended recipient of this letter? What kind of church is it? Where is it? What is significant about this church’s location? Why did Paul start a church here? Who was involved in the beginning of this church?

3. How does this church compare with some of the other churches Paul started in this region? How is this group similar to the other churches? How is it different? How does this situation influence Paul’s approach to the letter?

4. How do some people describe this letter? Why is this appropriate? Or not? How is this letter organized? What are the primary sections? What topics does Paul cover in each section? What is unusual about the way Paul begins and ends this letter?

5. What is Paul’s major purpose in this letter? How does he express this theme? Who does Paul use as the model or standard for living as he encourages the Philippian believers to live? Who else does he suggest these people could emulate? How do you think they responded to this idea? How do you?

6. What other matters does Paul deal with in this letter? What is his objective with these admonitions? Why is unity so important to Paul?

Bible Trivia:
Philippians contains one of the best descriptions of Christ in the entire Bible:
Who though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death – even death on a cross.
Therefore God also highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father, [2:6-11]. 

69: Knowing Christ, pressing toward the goal – Philippians 3:4-4:14

Get Ready

How do you feel about “Who’s Who” listings of a person’s accomplishments? Or how do you feel about putting together a resume of your own work and successes? Do you tend to focus on the “things” you have achieved or the relationships you have had?

The Word

3If anyone else has reason to be confident in the flesh, I have more:
5 circumcised on the eighth day, a member of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew born of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; 6 as to zeal, a persecutor of the church; as to righteousness under the law, blameless. 

7 Yet whatever gains I had, these I have come to regard as loss because of Christ. 8 More than that, I regard everything as loss because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord. For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things, and I regard them as rubbish, in order that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but one that comes through faith in Christ, the righteousness from God based on faith.
10 I want to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the sharing of his sufferings by becoming like him in his death,
11 if somehow I may attain the resurrection from the dead. 

12 Not that I have already obtained this or have already reached the goal; but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own. 13 Beloved, I do not consider that I have made it my own; but this one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, 14 I press on toward the goal for the prize of the heavenly call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Let those of us then who are mature be of the same mind; and if you think differently about anything, this too God will reveal to you. 16 Only let us hold fast to what we have attained. 

17 Brothers and sisters, join in imitating me, and observe those who live according to the example you have in us. 18 For many live as enemies of the cross of Christ; I have often told you of them, and now I tell you even with tears. 19 Their end is destruction; their god is the belly; and their glory is in their shame; their minds are set on earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven, and it is from there that we are expecting a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ. 21 He will transform the body of our humiliation that it may be conformed to the body of his glory, by the power that also enables him to make all things subject to himself. 

Exhortations

4Therefore, my brothers and sisters, whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, my beloved. 

2 I urge Euodia and I urge Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord. 3 Yes, and I ask you also, my loyal companion, help these women, for they have struggled beside me in the work of the gospel, together with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. 

4 Rejoice in the Lord always; again I will say, Rejoice. 5 Let your gentleness be known to everyone. The Lord is near. 6 Do not worry about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. 7 And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. 

8 Finally, beloved, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence and if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things. 9 Keep on doing the things that you have learned and received and heard and seen in me, and the God of peace will be with you. 

10 I rejoice in the Lord greatly that now at last you have revived your concern for me; indeed, you were concerned for me, but had no opportunity to show it. 11 Not that I am referring to being in need; for I have learned to be content with whatever I have. 12 I know what it is to have little, and I know what it is to have plenty. In any and all circumstances I have learned the secret of being well-fed and of going hungry, of having plenty and of being in need. 13 I can do all things through him who strengthens me. 14 In any case, it was kind of you to share my distress. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. What is Paul talking about in this passage? Who is he comparing himself with? What “credentials” does he mention? Is he really boasting here?

2. What does he say about his assets and credits? How valuable are they? What image does he use? Why does he believe they are worthless? What is the real value he seeks? How did he accomplish this?

3. What does he say about his own situation regarding this goal? Who gave him this goal? What is he doing to get closer to the goal? How does his past relate to this goal?

4. What does he urge the Philippine believers to do? Who does he suggest as an example to follow? How do you suppose they reacted to this idea? How do you react?

5. What personal matter does Paul mention? What does he hope will happen? What does he encourage the believers to do? What attitude does he want them to have? How does he want them to be known by others? What does he tell them to think about?









Get Personal

How is your “pressing on” going lately? How about your “worrying about anything”? How has God helped you to live like he really will take care of things for you?

Notes . . .

3:4. Confident in the flesh — Paul is not boasting when he says “I have more” – even though he has more “credentials” than most Jews [vv. 5-6], they are worthless in gaining a relationship with God.
3:7. Everything as loss — Paul sees all his former assets and successes as “rubbish” or food only a dog would enjoy (and his culture did not regard dogs as worthy).
3:9. Righteousness — the only thing that matters to Paul is his relationship with God – and that exists not because of Paul’s checklists, but because of Christ’s sacrifice and resurrection.
3:10. Know — the Greek word means “know by experience” – this is heart knowledge, not head knowledge.
3:12. Press on — ironically this is the same

word Paul used for his persecution of the church. Paul knows he has not reached the point where he is a “perfect” Christ-follower, and neither have the Philippians.
3:17. Imitate me — Paul was never afraid to set himself as a good example to follow, [check 1 Cor 4:16, 1 Thes 1:6 and 2:10, 2 Thes 3:7-9].
3:19. Their god — Paul often criticized believers who focused on satisfying their earthly desires (gluttony, lust, deceit), rather than serving others as Jesus did.
4:2. Euodia – Syntyche —these two women, who had worked with Paul in his ministry, had a disagreement that was affecting the church.
Loyal companion — this person is not identified further, nor is Clement.

Memory Verse
Do not worry about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus,
[Philippians 4:6-7].
Bonus:
I can do all things throughs him who strengthens me, [Philippians 4:13].

Next Lesson
Colossians 3: The new life in Christ

68: Ephesians – Introduction & Alive and One in Christ — Ephesians 2:1-22

Get Ready

Galatians is one of Paul’s first writings. His letter to the Ephesian believers is one of his last. His message is both personal and universal in scope. His guidance to individual believers as well as to churches is as relevant today as it was in the first century.

Author

Paul wrote this letter from Rome during his imprisonment (60-61) awaiting trial before Caesar. It was a time of relative peace and quiet after the challenges of his arrest in Jerusalem in the midst of a riot, his trials before the Jewish and Roman leaders in Palestine, and his harrowing voyage – complete with shipwreck – to Rome. (You can read all the details in Acts, chapters 21-28.) He was technically imprisoned; but the Roman justice system moved very slowly, so Paul was confined to a private house with a couple of guards. He was hardly a flight risk since he had wanted to get to Rome for the past several years. Within the house he was free to do pretty much as he chose, so he welcomed all who came to him, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness and without hindrance, [Acts 28:30-31].

Context

Ephesus was the central city of the Asian provinces of the Roman Empire (modern Turkey), on a par with Jerusalem and Alexandria in Egypt. It sat at the crossing of two major trade routes and had good access to the Mediterranean Sea, so it was an economic as well as political hub.

It was also a religious center. The Temple of Artemis (or Diana) attracted visitors and worshippers from all parts of the eastern empire. By the time Paul got there the city’s economy greatly depended on the visitors and their purchases, especially the silver icons of the goddess. Eventually the silversmiths convinced the people that Paul’s preaching was hindering the worship of Artemis (which was hurting the sale of religious symbols). This led to a riot and ultimately Paul’s departure from Ephesus, [the details are in Acts 19:23-41].

But before he was forced to leave the city, Paul developed an extensive and thriving ministry, including the towns around Ephesus. He spent almost three years there – more time than with any other mission church. He started as he usually did, proclaiming the Gospel in the synagogue. And, also as usual, he proclaimed the good news to the Gentiles when the Jews refused to accept his message.

Structure

There are two major sections in this letter:

The first three chapters describe the church and individual believers as the result of God’s plan for his creation from the beginning. We are the result of – and expression of – God’s love and his loving desire for more children like his son, Jesus. Paul lays out the “mystery” of God’s plan for our salvation and our continuing work showing and sharing God’s love with others.

The second part of this letter [chapters 4-6] focuses on the “so what” aspect of our relationship with Christ. Since we are this new creation, since we have been brought into a relationship with the living Lord, what should this mean to our behaviors and actions? What should this mean to our relationships with other believers and with people who are not yet part of our fellowship with Christ? 

Interestingly, Paul provided a preview of the major points of his letter when he met with the leaders of the Ephesian church on his way back to Jerusalem at the conclusion of this missionary journey, [check Acts 20:16-38].

Major Themes

This is the only letter in which Paul does not deal with a problem (or problems) in the church. Evidently the churches around Ephesus were functioning relatively well and were not experiencing significant division or other problems (as with the Corinthian church: check the earlier posts 65 and 66).

This gives Paul, at the end of this ministry, an opportunity to reflect on and present his understanding of God’s ultimate plan for his creation – especially the humans he created “according to our likeness,” [Gen 1:26]. 

The first section focuses on the blessings God gives humans who believe in Christ, including the knowledge of God’s power and the new life that we have as believers (not the sinful dead experience we had as non-believers). Paul also talks about reconciliation, not just between us and Christ, but among each other – especially between Jewish and Gentile believers. 

In the second section Paul discusses the effect of God’s work on the lives of believers and on the church. He deals with building up the “body” of Christ, the contrast between a holy life and an unrighteous one, and relationships among husbands and wives, parents and children, and masters and servants. In each case Paul points to Christ as the standard and model.

Paul concludes with his description of strength for believers and value of “the whole armor of God,” [Eph 6:11].

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote this letter? When did he write it? Where did he write it? What was his situation? What had he experienced prior to writing this letter?

2. Who is the intended audience for this letter? Where did they live? What kind of city was it? What was the situation for these believers? What the primary competitor to Christianity? What happened when Paul began his ministry in the city?

3. How did Paul conduct his ministry in Ephesus? Who did he talk with first? How did they respond? What did Paul do next? Who did he talk with? How did they respond to his message?

4. How is this letter organized? What are the major sections of the letter? What does the first section deal with? What does the second part of the letter cover? Why do you suppose Paul chose these subjects for the letter? How do you think his readers responded? 

5. What is unique about the content of this letter? Why was the timing appropriate to writing this letter? How do you suppose Paul felt about being able to write this type of letter rather than his other letters? 

6. What are the major ideas in this letter? How do the two major themes relate to one another? Why is it important that believers understand both ideas? How does Paul end his letter? Why do you think he chose this concept for his closing? How does it relate to the rest of the letter? How does it relate to believers today?

Bible Trivia:
Paul wrote his letter to the Christians in Rome while he was in Ephesus – and he wrote this letter to Christians in Ephesus while he was in Rome.
The Apostle John also wrote from Ephesus – his Gospel and his letters – after his release from exile (on the island of Patmos).
In Ephesus Paul started the practice – still used today – of using a school for a start-up church; when he left the synagogue (because the Jews refused to accept the Gospel) he rented a lecture hall from Tyrannous [Acts 19:9].

68: Not dead, but alive and one in Christ – Ephesians – 2:1-22

Get Ready

What is the most surprising gift you have received from another person? Was it a special occasion? What the gift extraordinary or more “regular”? Was it expensive or not? Was it just for you or something that you could share? What made this gift so surprising for you?

The Word

2You were dead through the trespasses and sins 2 in which you once lived, following the course of this world, following the ruler of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work among those who are disobedient. 3 All of us once lived among them in the passions of our flesh, following the desires of flesh and senses, and we were by nature children of wrath, like everyone else. 4 But God, who is rich in mercy, out of the great love with which he loved us 5 even when we were dead through our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ—by grace you have been saved— 6 and raised us up with him and seated us with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus, 7 so that in the ages to come he might show the immeasurable riches of his grace in kindness toward us in Christ Jesus.
8 For by grace you have been saved through faith, and this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God— 9 not the result of works, so that no one may boast. 10 For we are what he has made us, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand to be our way of life. 

11 So then, remember that at one time you Gentiles by birth, called “the uncircumcision” by those who are called “the circumcision”—
a physical circumcision made in the flesh by human hands— 12 remember that you were at that time without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. 13 But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ. 14 For he is our peace; in his flesh he has made both groups into one and has broken down the dividing wall, that is, the hostility between us. 15 He has abolished the law with its commandments and ordinances, that he might create in himself one new humanity in place of the two, thus making peace, 16 and might reconcile both groups to God in one body through the cross, thus putting to death that hostility through it. 17 So he came and proclaimed peace to you who were far off and peace to those who were near; 18 for through him both of us have access in one Spirit to the Father. 19 So then you are no longer strangers and aliens, but you are citizens with the saints and also members of the household of God,
20 built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the cornerstone. 21 In him the whole structure is joined together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord; 22 in whom you also are built together spiritually into a dwelling place for God. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. What is Paul talking about in this section? How does he describe his readers’ situation? Who is affected? 

2. What has God done in response to our dilemma? Why has he done this? How has this affected our situation? 

3. How does Paul describe God’s actions? What does he say about our response? What was God’s purpose in all this?

4. What does Paul address in the next section? How does he begin this subject? What does he say about this situation? What has changed about their condition? 

5. What has Christ done for Gentiles and Jews? How did he do this? How does this affect us today? What image does Paul use for believers? 









Get Personal

How has God helped you appreciate his grace recently? How has he helped you see the “whole structure”?

Notes . . .

2:2. Ruler of the power of the air — Satan – Jews believed only they were not subject to his authority in this world (not that they acted as if they were subject to God’s).
2:3. We were by nature — the comedian, Flip Wilson, often used the excuse: “The devil made me do it.” Paul did not view every “sin” as caused by a demon, but by our human condition of being separated from God.
Wrath — often used to refer to God’s response to sin: it is not the human emotion of anger – since God is holy he must reject any connection with sin; with no connection with God we are “dead.”
2:4-7. But God . . . — Paul expands on the Jewish belief that God chose them: For you are a people holy to the Lord your God; the Lord your God has chosen you out of all the peoples on earth to be his people, his treasured possession. It was not because you were more numerous than any other people that the Lord set his heart on you and chose you—for you were the fewest of all peoples. It was because the Lord loved you and kept the oath that he swore to your ancestors, that the Lord has brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you from the house of slavery, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt. Know therefore that the Lord your God is God, the faithful God who maintains covenant loyalty with those who love him and keep his commandments, to a thousand generations, [Deut 7:6-9]. Paul expresses the same idea in Romans: All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God; they are now justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, [3:23-24].
2:5. Made us alive — God offers a relationship with him – “life” – through Christ. Paul expresses this central tenant of our faith throughout his letters [check Rom 6:8-11 and Col 2:12-13].
2:6. Raised us up with him — for Paul this is a done deal. Christians experience the new life in Christ when they accept him as their savior.

2:8. You have been saved — this verse, together with verse 9 is the foundation statement of Christian belief, Here again, Paul uses the past tense for a completed action.
2:9. Not the result of works — our “works,” whether good or bad, have no effect – in favor or against – our salvation.
2:10. Created in Christ Jesus — God’s grace through Christ is consistent with his other saving actions – it is intended to lead to the “good works which God prepared beforehand to be our way of life,” (God rescued the Israelites from Egypt before he gave Moses the commandments, [check Exodus 20:1]).
2:12. Strangers to the covenant — in Paul’s time this was literally true; non-Jews could not even enter the Temple; they could only go as far as the Court of the Gentiles. (Paul was arrested in Jerusalem because some Jews thought he had taken a Gentile into the Temple [the story is in Acts 21:28-29].)
2:13. Brought near — Paul may have been thinking about God’s promise to Isaiah: For the Sovereign Lord, who brings back the outcasts of Israel, says: I will bring others, too, besides my people Israel, [56:8]. Peter repeated the promise in the first Christian sermon [check Acts 2:38-40].
2:14. Dividing wall — there was an actual wall separating the Court of the Gentiles from the Temple proper (there was also a separate court for women), even though the original Temple separated only the priests from the rest of the Jews [details are in 1 Kings 8:41-43].
2:16. One body — Paul uses this image often [check Galatians 3:28-29, 5:6; Colossians 3:11].
2:18. Note how Paul captures the Trinity: God is the center, Christ is the cause and the Holy Spirit is the provider.
2:20. Cornerstone — the image comes from Psalm 118: The stone that the builders rejected has now become the cornerstone, [v.22]. In architecture, then as now, the cornerstone determined the location and orientation of the entire building.

Memory Verse
For by grace you have been saved through faith and this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, [Ephesians 2:8].

Next Lesson
Phillipians 3: Knowing Christ.

67: Galatians – Introduction & Law or Faith — Galatians 3:1-29

Get Ready

Many believe this letter is the earliest writing about the developing Christian faith in the first century. It is a shorter and more personal statement about the Gospel of salvation by faith in God’s grace and Christ’s sacrifice and resurrection.

Author

Paul wrote this letter to the churches in Galatia (a region in Asia Minor – modern Turkey) right after he finished the first missionary journey – in 49. This makes it one of the earliest known writings about the developing Christian church. It is also one of the first written statements of Christian beliefs. [See page 237 for background on the Apostle Paul.] Some scholars argue this letter was written after the Jerusalem Council (which occurred in 49 or 50) because Paul’s description of a meeting he had with church leaders in Jerusalem is similar to Luke’s description of the council meeting [Acts 15]..

Context

Paul’s first missionary journey went from Antioch in Syria to the island of Cyprus and several cities in Asia Minor, including Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch [check Acts 13-14]. He usually went first to the local synagogue and preached that Jesus is the Messiah the law and the prophets promised. He also preached the same Gospel to the Gentiles in each area. Because he did not require Gentile believers to go through the Jewish rituals – especially circumcision – he was unpopular with local Jewish leaders.

When the missionaries returned to Antioch they discovered that Judaizers (Jewish Christians from Jerusalem) had visited the same cities and preached that, in addition to believing in Jesus, the Gentiles had to follow Jewish law and custom, including circumcision for all male believers. They accused Paul of “watering down” the Gospel to make it easier for Gentiles to become followers of Jesus, and they further criticized Paul’s authority as an Apostle because he was not one of the original twelve.

Structure

The letter has three primary sections, in addition to the introduction [1:1-10] and conclusion [6:11-18]:

  • In the first section Paul defends his authority as an Apostle [1:11-2:21]. The Judaizers had argued that Paul was not one of Jesus’ original disciples, therefore he was not preaching the “complete” Gospel.
  • • The heart of the letter is Paul’s defense of the Gospel of salvation by grace alone [3:1-4:31]. He explains the role and limitations of the law in contrast to the freedom of faith in Christ.
  • In the last section Paul tells the believers how to live by faith [5:1-6:10]. He deals specifically with circumcision, “works” of those who do not live “by the Spirit,” and relationships among believers.

In his introduction Paul sets the tone of the letter. He calls himself, “An Apostle – sent neither by human commission nor from human authorities,” [1:1]. He directly confronts the challenge to his authority. He also tells the Galatian believers, “I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you in the grace of Christ,” [1:6]. The New Living Translation puts it: “I am shocked that you are turning away so soon from God.”

Major Themes

Paul’s main goal in writing this letter is to stop the believers in Galatia from following Jewish rituals and customs as a substitute for trusting in Christ’s saving death and resurrection. He uses two primary arguments: 

  • There is only one Gospel. A person gains a relationship with God only through faith in Jesus Christ’s saving death and resurrection. Any message that adds conditions or requirements is not just a “different” gospel; because it is not true it “perverts the Gospel of Christ,” [1:7}.

    Even Abraham, on whom the Judaizers relied to support the requirement of circumcision, was considered righteous before he was circumcised. God’s promise of righteousness through faith came before the ritual of circumcision. 

    Paul also argues that the law can show us our unrighteousness, but it can never help us to become righteous. If it could then Christ’s sacrifice would not have been necessary.
  • The Gospel gives spiritual freedom. A person justified by Christ’s death is free from sin – free from the constraints of spiritual death and now free to love God and love others. A believer who tries to follow the old law is giving away the freedom that Christ provides: Listen! I, Paul, am telling you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you, [5:2].

    But freedom does not mean self-indulgence with no accountability. Paul tells the Galatians The whole law is summed up in a single commandment, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” [5:14].

    Paul concludes his letter: For neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is anything; but a new creation is everything! [6:15].

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote this letter? When was it written? What is significant about the timing of this letter? Who was the intended audience?

2. What were the circumstances behind this letter? What had Paul been doing just prior to writing this letter? What had he accomplished? What message did he carry to the Gentiles in the region? 

3. Who else was involved? What were these people doing with Paul’s work? What were they teaching the Galatians? What did they say about Paul? Why would this be important to Paul? To the Galatian Christians? To the church?

4. How is this letter organized? What are the major sections of the letter? How do the sections related to each other? Why was it necessary for Paul to begin by justifying his role as an Apostle? How does he do this?

5. What is the main part of the letter about? What does Paul say about the Gospel? What does he say about the Jewish law? How are the two related? How are they different? Which were the Galatian believers focusing on?

6. What does Paul deal with in the last major section? Why do you think he includes subjects like this in the letter? Why is it important that those who follow Jesus “live by the Spirit?” 

7. What is Paul’s purpose in writing this letter? What does he want the Galatian believers to do (or not do)? What are his primary arguments? How does he support these positions? How does he explain them to his readers? How do you think they responded to Paul’s argument?

Bible Trivia
At the University of Wittenberg Martin Luther was assigned to teach the books of Galatians and Romans. His study of these two letters led him to question the rules and customs of the Roman Catholic Church. He came to understand the extravagant generosity of God in setting us free from sin and giving us the power to live an abundant, purposeful, graceful life. This led to his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church – but it also led to the Reformation.

67: Law or Faith – Galatians 3:1-29

Get Ready

Have you ever become involved in a project or activity and then started to wonder if perhaps you made a mistake early on? Did you stop and analyze the situation before continuing? Did you try to go back over your prior actions to see if there was an error? Were you able to continue or finish the project?

The Word

3You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly exhibited as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Having started with the Spirit, are you now ending with the flesh? 4 Did you experience so much for nothing?—if it really was for nothing. 5 Well then, does God supply you with the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law, or by your believing what you heard? 

6 Just as Abraham “believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness,” 7 so, you see, those who believe are the descendants of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, declared the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, “All the Gentiles shall be blessed in you.” 9 For this reason, those who believe are blessed with Abraham who believed. 

10 For all who rely on the works of the law are under a curse; for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not observe and obey all the things written in the book of the law.”
11 Now it is evident that no one is justified before God by the law; for “The one who is righteous will live by faith.” 12 But the law does not rest on faith; on the contrary, “Whoever does the works of the law will live by them.”
13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us—for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”— 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham might come to the Gentiles, so that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. 

15 Brothers and sisters, I give an example from daily life: once a person’s will has been ratified, no one adds to it or annuls it. 16 Now the promises were made to Abraham and to his offspring; it does not say, “And to offsprings,” as of many; but it says, “And to your offspring,” that is, to one person, who is Christ. 17 My point is this: the law, which came four hundred thirty years later, does not annul a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to nullify the promise. 18 For if the inheritance comes from the law, it no longer comes from the promise; but God granted it to Abraham through the promise. 

19 Why then the law? It was added because of transgressions, until the offspring would come to whom the promise had been made; and it was ordained through angels by a mediator.
20 Now a mediator involves more than one party; but God is one. 

21 Is the law then opposed to the promises of God? Certainly not! For if a law had been given that could make alive, then righteousness would indeed come through the law. 22 But the scripture has imprisoned all things under the power of sin, so that what was promised through faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. 

23 Now before faith came, we were imprisoned and guarded under the law until faith would be revealed. 24 Therefore the law was our disciplinarian until Christ came, so that we might be justified by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer subject to a disciplinarian, 26 for in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith. 27 As many of you as were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. 28 There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s offspring, heirs according to the promise. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. How does Paul begin this section of the letter? What question does Paul pose to the Galatians? How does he answer it? Why is he focusing on their experience so much? What is his next question? What is the answer this time?

2. Who does Paul bring up as his prime example? What is significant about him [See Notes]? What does Paul say about his children? How does Paul support his position on faith and the promise?

3. What is the difference between the promise and the law? Why does one carry a blessing and the other a curse? Who is subject to the curse? Why is this a “no win” situation? How has God dealt with the seemingly impossible situation? 

4. Where does Paul go next in his discussion? How does Paul use the current culture to support his argument [see Notes]? How does he conclude his argument about faith versus the law?













Get Personal

We have all lived in a world where when we do something right we receive a reward, whether it’s grades in school or pay at work. How has God helped you accept the promise of his Spirit as the free, unearned gift that it is?

Notes . . .

3:1. Foolish Galatians — Paul’s questions may be rhetorical, but his frustration with their actions regarding the law is very real.
3:3. Ending with the flesh — the Galatians began their new life with the Holy Spirit; but trying to follow the law is a work of the “flesh.”
3:5. Miracles — the Galatians had experience of the Spirit’s work in their community – before they knew anything about the Jewish law.
3:6. Abraham believed — the quote is from Genesis 15:6 – well before he gave the law to the Jews, God counted Abraham “righteous.”
3:7. Descendants — Paul refers to Abraham’s spiritual children, not his biological descendents. 
3:8. Beforehand — Paul uses another well-known passage [Gen 12:3]. God’s promise of blessing precedes the law and has no conditions.
3:10. Under his curse — God’s curse is on everyone who fails to follow all the law [Deut 27.26].
3:11. Through faith — from Habakkuk 2:4.
3:12. Does not rest on faith — Paul paraphrases Leviticus 18:5: 
3:13. Redeemed us — Paul sees Christ’s crucifixion (hanging on a tree) as the necessary fulfillment of the law’s demands, [from Deut 21:23].

3:14. Promised Holy Spirit — in his letter to the Ephesian church, Paul said, The Spirit is God’s guarantee that he will give us the inheritance he promised, [1:14].
3:15. An example — Greek law actually prohibited any change to a will once it had been filed; Paul applies the same principles to the “agreement” between God and Abraham; the law cannot undo God’s promise of the blessing.
3:17. 430 years — from Exodus 12:40. It was actually more time because 430 years does not include the time between the promise to Abraham and Jacob’s travel to Egypt.
3:19. Why? — having shown that the law is not necessary to receive God’s blessing, Paul now offers a rationale for the law.
Through angels — Jewish tradition held that the law came to Moses through angels.
3:22. Scriptures declare — contemporary Jewish teaching agreed that all people are sinners. Paul will deal much more thoroughly with this argument in his letter to the Romans [3:10-18].
3:28. All of you are one — Paul concludes by stressing the unity of believers “in Christ Jesus,” a theme in almost every one of his letters.

Memory Verse
There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus, [Galatians 3:28].

Next Lesson
Ephesians 2: Alive in Christ

66: Treasure in Clay Jars & Living by Faith — 2 Corinthians 4:1-5:10

Get Ready

When you have an illness or injury that forces you to change your regular routine, what kind of “patient” are you? Do you simply accept the situation and try to remain pleasant to those around you? Or do you grouse and complain about the hardships and difficulties you’re experiencing?

The Word

4Therefore, since it is by God’s mercy that we are engaged in this ministry, we do not lose heart. 2 We have renounced the shameful things that one hides; we refuse to practice cunning or to falsify God’s word; but by the open statement of the truth we commend ourselves to the conscience of everyone in the sight of God.
3 And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing. 4 In their case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. 5 For we do not proclaim ourselves; we proclaim Jesus Christ as Lord and ourselves as your slaves for Jesus’ sake.
6 For it is the God who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. 

7 But we have this treasure in clay jars, so that it may be made clear that this extraordinary power belongs to God and does not come from us. 8 We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; 9 persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; 10 always carrying in the body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be made visible in our bodies. 11 For while we live, we are always being given up to death for Jesus’ sake, so that the life of Jesus may be made visible in our mortal flesh. 12 So death is at work in us, but life in you. 

13 But just as we have the same spirit of faith that is in accordance with scripture—“I believed, and so I spoke”—we also believe, and so we speak, 14 because we know that the one who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also with Jesus, and will bring us with you into his presence. 15 Yes, everything is for your sake, so that grace, as it extends to more and more people, may increase thanksgiving, to the glory of God. 

16 So we do not lose heart. Even though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed day by day. 17 For this slight momentary affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory beyond all measure,
18 because we look not at what can be seen but at what cannot be seen; for what can be seen is temporary, but what cannot be seen is eternal. 

Living by faith

5For we know that if the earthly tent we live in is destroyed, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. 2 For in this tent we groan, longing to be clothed with our heavenly dwelling— 3 if indeed, when we have taken it off we will not be found naked. 4 For while we are still in this tent, we groan under our burden, because we wish not to be unclothed but to be further clothed, so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life. 5 He who has prepared us for this very thing is God, who has given us the Spirit as a guarantee. 

6 So we are always confident; even though we know that while we are at home in the body we are away from the Lord— 7 for we walk by faith, not by sight. 8 Yes, we do have confidence, and we would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord. 9 So whether we are at home or away, we make it our aim to please him. 10 For all of us must appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each may receive recompense for what has been done in the body, whether good or evil. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. Who is responsible for Paul’s ministry? How does this affect his attitude toward the work? How does it affect his presentation of the Gospel? How is this different than other speakers?

2. What image does Paul use for his message? Why is this an appropriate metaphor [see Notes]? How does this affect peoples’ response to the Gospel?

3. What image does Paul use for himself and other evangelists? Why is this an appropriate image? What does it show about God? About Paul? How does it affect Paul’s response to his current situation?

4. How does Paul describe his speaking? Who is really behind Paul’s message? What is Paul’s ultimate purpose in preaching? Why does Paul remain confident in his work? How does he view hardship and setbacks? 

5. What image does Paul use for his physical body? Why does he prefer the new body? Why is there sometimes confusion about which body we prefer [see Notes]?








Get Personal

How do you respond to “speed bumps” in your daily life? How do you deal with hardship in your walk with Christ? How does God help you understand and trust him for growth in your faith?

Notes . . .

4:2. Shameful things . . . cunning . . . falsify — some professional orators were more concerned with the style of their speech than the substance. Paul declares (again) that he speaks only God’s truth about Jesus.
4:3. Veiled — Paul returns to the image in 3:12, referring to the Jews who still don’t realize who Jesus really is.
4:4. God of this world — Satan, who deceives people to seek money and power, not Christ.
4:5. We proclaim Jesus Christ — Jesus wants us to be witnesses to his glory, not to ourselves.
4:7. Clay jars — were inexpensive and easily replaced – it’s wet dust, after all. The great irony is the God has put the most valuable message of salvation in such a cheap and frail container: humans (we are dust, also).
4:8. We are . . . — Paul uses his own life as an example of God’s power: in spite of attacks he delivers God’s message, and God’s spirit produces believers, who have Jesus’ life [v. 12].
4:13. I believed, and so I spoke — Paul refers to Psalm 116:10: I kept my faith, even when I said, “I am greatly afflicted,” as another example of witnessing even when it brings hardship and suffering to do so.
4:16. Outer nature . . . inner nature — many 

Greek philosophers distinguished between the physical body and its “wasting away,” and the soul with its permanence. Paul adapts this for his Greek believers to encourage living by faith. He continues this contrast with “this slight momentary affliction” and “an eternal weight of glory,” [v.17, also check Eph 3:16].
5:1. Earthly tent — Many cultures in the region called the body a tent, or vessel, or dwelling. Paul contrasts this earthly “tent” with a “building from God.” He expands this concept because the Greeks believed there was no physical resurrection – only the “soul” existed after death. He wants to strengthen the Corinthians’ confidence in God’s promise of a heavenly future [vv. 6-8].
5:7. Walk by faith, not by sight — in this world, with our limited earthly body, we cannot see (or touch or hear or smell) God – we experience God only spiritually, by faith. Paul implies that our resurrection body will be able to experience God.
5:10. Judgment seat of Christ — Paul uses the Old Testament image of judgment here. Even though believers have eternal life through God’s grace [Eph 2:8], Paul believed we are still accountable for our actions in this life: in his first letter he told the Corinthians, the work of each builder will become visible, [1 Cor 3:13].

Memory Verse
We walk by faith, not by sight, [2 Corinthians 5:4].

Next Lesson
Galatians 3: Law or Faith

65: Corinthians: Introduction & Spiritual Gifts — 1 Corinthians 12:1-31

Get Ready

These two letters give us tremendous insight into Paul’s personal story as well as his ideas about the organization and practices of an effective Christian church. His advice – for both believers and church leaders – is as timely today as it was nearly two thousand years ago.

Author

The Apostle Paul is the author of these two letters. He identifies himself as such in both letters [1 Cor 1:1 and 2 Cor 2:1], and early church leaders confirm his authorship. He wrote the first letter in 56 while he was working in Ephesus; he wrote the second about one year later from Macedonia.

Paul (originally named Saul) was a former Pharisee who actually persecuted the early followers of Jesus. On his way to Damascus to continue his efforts to destroy the church, Jesus confronted and blinded him and told him to continue to Damascus and wait for a person who would tell him what to do [that’s all in Acts 9]. As a result Paul became one of the most active and effective early Christian missionaries. Thirteen of his letters are included in the New Testament

Context

Corinth was a large and very cosmopolitan city in Greece; as a major commercial crossroads it contained a variety of cultures and religious beliefs – many of them very counter to Judaism and Christianity. 

Paul started the church in Corinth during his second missionary journey, probably in 51. Most of the early converts were pagans from the lower status groups; however some converted Jews and people of wealth were also involved. As a result of the environment and social differences the church was under constant pressure and strain. Both of Paul’s letters address these problems. [Acts 18 recounts the founding of the Corinthian church.]

Structure

The first Corinthian letter appears to be a point-by-point response to the news Paul received about the problems in the church. There are four major sections to the letter:

  • Paul stresses unity in Christ and urges the church to resolve its differences and come back together [chapters 1-4].
  • He then deals with situations concerning sexual morality that arose because of the cultural environment [chapters 5-6].
  • He provides guidance on several doctrinal questions in the third section, including celebration of Communion [chapters 7-14].
  • And he explains and justifies the belief in resurrection of the dead in the final section [chapters 15-16].

The Corinthian church was no better than churches throughout the world today – it was no worse either.

The second letter is much more personal in tone and subject, and deals with Paul’s reaction to the latest news from Corinth:

  • In the first seven chapters Paul writes about his feelings in response to the church’s rejection and then acceptance of his ministry, and includes his ideas about ministry and reconciliation.
  • In chapters 8 and 9 he encourages support for the church in Jerusalem, which was dealing with a famine in the region.
  • Paul concludes this letter defending his position and role as an Apostle and warning the church and his opponents against false doctrine.

Major Themes

Even though the letters to Corinth deal with a variety of problems in that church, Paul incorporates some major ideas or themes in both letters:

  • Wisdom: Corinth was a major center of Greek culture and reflected the high value placed on wisdom; but Paul does not compete with the Greek philosophers. He bases his arguments on the Old Testament understanding of wisdom as “fear of the Lord.” He also stresses that God does not work as humans expect – the cross and all that it stands for is a “stumbling block” to the Jews and “foolishness” to the Greeks – Christ [is] the power of God and the wisdom of God, [1 Cor 1:24].
  • Freedom: The church was having a hard time reconciling the idea of Christian freedom with forgiven sin. Paul taught that even though “all things are lawful, but not all things are beneficial” – believers should avoid those things that do not “build up” the believer or the church, and those things that could become master of the believer [1 Cor 6:12, 10:23].
  • Spirituality: Greeks believed some people are more “spiritual” than others and trances or mystical behavior is a sign of increased spirituality. Paul stresses that all “gifts” are from the one Holy Spirit and that a variety of “spiritual gifts” helps to build the church (the “body of Christ” with many differently gifted “parts”).
  • Ministry: Paul calls the Gospel “this treasure in clay jars,” [2 Cor 4:7]. He contrasts the power and mercy of God in Christ with the frailty and weakness of the people God calls to tell others about it; but he concludes that if anyone is in Christ, there is a new creation: everything has become new! [2 Cor 5:17]. Paul also describes some of the suffering he experienced.

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote these letters to the church at Corinth? When did he write them? What was the author’s background? How was he qualified to write the letters?

2. When did Paul begin his work in Corinth? What kind of city was it? What types of people were involved in the early church? How did this affect the church?

3. What caused Paul to write these letters? What were the problems he was trying to address? Why was it important that he work on these problems? How do you think the church members felt about Paul’s suggestions and directions?

4. How does the second letter differ from the first? What subjects does Paul address in the second letter? What is different about the tone of the letter?

5. Why do you think Paul included the personal details in the second letter? How do you think the Corinthians responded to them? How does this affect your understanding of Paul as a missionary? 

6. What are the primary themes Paul develops in these two letters? How do these ideas relate to the problems in the Corinthian Church? How do you think the church members received his ideas?

6. How do Paul’s major concepts apply to the church today? Have you seen examples of the problems in the Corinthian Church in your own congregation? How have you or other members dealt with the problems? Was Paul’s advice helpful?

Bible Trivia:
The first Corinthian letter contains two firsts:
1. Paul’s guidance on Communion is the earliest record of the Lord’s Supper [11:23-26].
2. His discussion of the resurrection is also the first recorded reference to this central event of our faith, [15:1-58].

Paul closed his second letter to the Corinthians with the only New Testament appearance of the three-in-one (triune) blessing many believers are familiar with today: The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with all of you, [2 Cor 13:13].

65: Spiritual gifts – 1 Corinthians 12:1-31 

Get Ready

What activities – like sports, or hobbies, or creative activities – do you enjoy participating in and excelling at? What do you avoid because you feel you are not very skilled or talented in that area? How comfortable are you with your mix of talents and abilities?

The Word

12 Now concerning spiritual gifts, brothers and sisters, I do not want you to be uninformed.
2 You know that when you were pagans, you were enticed and led astray to idols that could not speak. 3 Therefore I want you to understand that no one speaking by the Spirit of God ever says “Let Jesus be cursed!” and no one can say “Jesus is Lord” except by the Holy Spirit. 

4 Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit; 5 and there are varieties of services, but the same Lord; 6 and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who activates all of them in everyone. 7 To each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good. 8 To one is given through the Spirit the utterance of wisdom, and to another the utterance of knowledge according to the same Spirit, 9 to another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit, 10 to another the working of miracles, to another prophecy, to another the discernment of spirits, to another various kinds of tongues, to another the interpretation of tongues. 11 All these are activated by one and the same Spirit, who allots to each one individually just as the Spirit chooses. 

One Body with Many Members

12 For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ. 13 For in the one Spirit we were all baptized into one body – Jews or Greeks, slaves or free – and we were all made to drink of one Spirit. 

14 Indeed, the body does not consist of one member but of many. 15 If the foot would say, “Because I am not a hand, I do not belong to the body,” that would not make it any less a part of the body. 16 And if the ear would say, “Because I am not an eye, I do not belong to the body,” that would not make it any less a part of the body. 17 If the whole body were an eye, where would the hearing be? If the whole body were hearing, where would the sense of smell be? 18 But as it is, God arranged the members in the body, each one of them, as he chose. 19 If all were a single member, where would the body be? 20 As it is, there are many members, yet one body. 21 The eye cannot say to the hand, “I have no need of you,” nor again the head to the feet, “I have no need of you.” 22 On the contrary, the members of the body that seem to be weaker are indispensable,
23 and those members of the body that we think less honorable we clothe with greater honor, and our less respectable members are treated with greater respect; 24 whereas our more respectable members do not need this. But God has so arranged the body, giving the greater honor to the inferior member, 25 that there may be no dissension within the body, but the members may have the same care for one another. 26 If one member suffers, all suffer together with it; if one member is honored, all rejoice together with it. 

27 Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. 28 And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers; then deeds of power, then gifts of healing, forms of assistance, forms of leadership, various kinds of tongues. 29 Are all apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? Do all work miracles? 30 Do all possess gifts of healing? Do all speak in tongues? Do all interpret? 31 But strive for the greater gifts. And I will show you a still more excellent way. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. What is Paul’s subject in this chapter? How does he describe the Corinthians regarding this subject? What “test” does he give them? Is this still valid for us? 

2. How does Paul explain the different types of gifts? Where do they come from? What specific gifts does he mention? Who determines who gets which gift? 

3. What image does Paul suggest to help understand the differences among the gifts? How do you think his readers responded to this metaphor? How do you respond?

4. What parts of the “body” does Paul deal with in his explanation? What would happen if the body consisted of only one part? What about one part of the body being “more important” than other parts? What about parts of the body that some people think are less or “weaker” than other parts? Why must the body be a unified whole rather than just the sum of all the parts?

5. What gifts does Paul mention at the end? What gifts are “greater”? Why should we strive for them?










Get Personal

What spiritual gifts do you think God has given you? How has God helped you to use these gifts? Who has benefited from your spiritual gifts? How have they affected your walk with Christ?

Notes . . .

12:1. Uninformed — evidently the Corinthian believers have been confusing their former, pagan beliefs (which included oracles – the ability to “see” the future) with Christian teaching about the work of the Holy Spirit.
12:3. I want you to understand — the clear test is whether the gift acknowledges “Jesus is Lord.”
12:4. Varieties . . . same — Paul stresses that spiritual gifts come in many different forms and actions, but all are given by the one God.
12:7. Common good — the purpose of every gift is to build up the church – the body of Christ [check Ephesians 4:11-14].
12:8. To one is given — Paul presents a list of different spiritual gifts: wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, discernment, speaking in tongues, and interpreting speaking in tongues. NOTE: the list is not intended to identify every possible gift.
Discernment — the critical ability to “test the spirits to see whether they are from God; for many false prophets have gone out into the world,” [1 John 4:1].
12:11. As the Spirit chooses — the Holy Spirit determines who gets what spiritual gift – it is not a 

matter of us asking for a gift (like selecting one from a catalogue). NOTE: the Greek word for “gift” comes from the same root as “grace” – spiritual gifts are freely bestowed, they are not earned.
12:12. Body — a fairly common metaphor for the universe or the nation (in Paul’s time, Rome). Paul uses it in other letters as well: For as in one body we have many members, and not all the members have the same function, so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and individually we are members one of another, [Rom 12:4-5].
12:15. If the foot — Paul uses the metaphor of the body to point out the diversity of the gifts and the importance of each gift, even the gifts some might think are less important.
12:28. And God has appointed — Paul concludes this section with another (not exhaustive) list.
12:31. Greater gifts — those gifts that benefit and strengthen the whole church. (This actually is linked to Paul’s initial plea for unity among the Corinthian believers: that you be in agreement and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be united in the same mind and the same purpose, [1:10].)

Memory Verse
For in the one Spirit we were all baptized into one body,
[1 Corinthians 12:13]

Next Lesson
2 Corinthians 4: Clay jars.

64: Romans — Introduction & The Law, Sin and Life in the Spirit — Romans 7:7-8:17

Get Ready

Paul’s letter to the believers in Rome is the most systematic statement of Christian theology and belief in the New Testament. It presents his argument for a unified understanding of God’s relationship with his creation: salvation for all people through Jesus Christ’s life, death and resurrection.

Author

The Apostle Paul is universally accepted as the author of Romans. Most scholars believe he wrote this letter during his last visit to Corinth (probably 56 or 57 CE). He was preparing to go to Jerusalem with the money he had collected from the churches he had founded in Greece and Asia Minor. He was then planning to go to Rome before going on to spread the Gospel in Spain [15:14-29].

Context

Paul did not start the church in Rome (and neither did Peter). Most historians believe Jewish Christians (who may have heard Peter’s testimony on Pentecost) carried the Gospel to the capitol city fairly soon after the church began in Jerusalem. The Gospel spread among the Gentiles as well as the Jews in Rome and believers probably met in house churches scattered around the city. In 49, Emperor Claudius expelled all Jews from Rome because of their supposed “rioting” over “Chrestus” (a corruption of “Christ”). Even though the Jews were allowed to return after Claudius died, the Jewish Christians came back to a church dominated – practically and theologically – by the Gentile believers who had remained in the city.

Paul was nearing the end of his missionary work in the eastern Mediterranean region and wanted to go to Spain, where he would be the first to preach the Gospel and start new churches. He planned to spend some time in Rome to build support “and to be sent on by you” to Spain [15:23-24].

The letter serves as Paul’s self-introduction to the believers and attempts to promote unity among them through his explanation of Christian belief as he had been preaching throughout his ministry.

Structure

Paul gave considerable thought to this letter, which is organized along the lines of a classical rhetorical argument. After the greeting and introduction [1:1-17], Paul presents his understanding of the Gospel in four major sections:

  • The Gospel is God’s response to our separation from him: Jews
    as well as Gentiles are separated from God because of sin; but reconciliation is available through Christ by faith – and only by faith [1:18-4:25].
  • The Gospel is God’s provision of salvation: grace brings us into a new relationship with God – free from our former enslavement to sin and inability to follow the law [5:1-8:39].
  • The Gospel is God’s fulfillment of his promises to Israel: the Jewish people will continue to have a special relationship to God, which will be revealed according to God’s plan [9:1-11:36].
  • The Gospel is the way God transforms our lives: our restored spiritual relationship through Christ should result in a new way of living our lives in this world – loving one another as Christ loved us [12:1-15:13].

Paul concludes the letter with a series of “greetings” to believers Paul knows (or knows about) in Rome, and a doxology [16:1-27].

Major Themes

Paul presents his theme in the introduction: For I am not ashamed of the gospel; it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who has faith, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, “The one who is righteous will live by faith,” [1:16-17, the quote is from Hab 2:4].

Paul stresses that both Jews and Greeks (Gentiles) need salvation because both have sinned, and salvation is available to both Greeks and Jews because God loves all of his creatures. Therefore, Jews and Greeks should be equal in their relationship with each other.

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote this book? What is the author’s background? Where did he write this book? When did he write it? What was his personal situation at the time?

2. Who started the church in Rome? How did it start? Who were the initial members of the church? How did the church function in Rome? What was the relationship between Jewish and Gentile believers? How did this change? What was the effect of this change?

3. What was Paul’s relationship with the Roman church? Why do you think he wrote this letter? What did he hope to accomplish by his visit?

4. How is this book organized? What is the major subject of this book? Why do you think Paul chose to write on this subject? What are the major parts of Paul’s argument? What is the key statement in each section? Who is the primary character in each section? Who is the recipient of these actions? What is the ultimate goal of the Gospel?

6. Why is it important to have a good understanding of the doctrine of sin, the law and salvation? What are the four aspects of salvation? How is each aspect related to the others? What is the outcome of salvation?

5. What is Paul’s primary theme or message in this book? When does he first state it? How does he describe the Gospel? Who is the Gospel for? How does a person gain access to the Gospel? 

Bible Trivia
Paul’s letter to the Galatian believers deals with the same subject of salvation by grace through faith, but Galatians was written to deal with a growing error in doctrine and is much more personal than Romans.

Doctrine Notes . . .

Sin: Sin is both the human situation of separation from God, and the thoughts and actions that are contrary to God’s law and the result of the separation.
Law: The law is not an arbitrary or unilateral set of rules. God gave humans the law so we can know what God expects of people who are in a relationship with him – what we should do and what we should not do. The Ten Commandments begins with a description of the relationship: “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt,” [Exodus 20:1].
Salvation: Humans are not able to obey God’s Law. Our failure to obey the law results in our separation from God – death. But God does not want death – he wants people to be in a living, loving

  • relationship with him. Therefore, he offers us salvation, which is available to people only through
  • faith:Grace – God offers salvation in spite of our disobedience and sin, because he loves us.
  • Sacrifice – Jesus’ sacrificial death on the cross paid the “cost” of our sin. Because he was sinless his sacrifice was sufficient.
  • Forgiveness – God no longer holds believers accountable for sin because Jesus’ sacrifice “paid” for our freedom.
  • Righteousness – God views believers as if they have Christ’s righteousness, and God’s Spirit “grows” a believer to be more like Jesus: more righteous.

64: The Law and Sin & Life in the Spirit – Romans 7:7-8:17

Get Ready

When you start a fairly involved or complex project, do you focus on the end result and the advantages of successfully completing it, or are you the type of person who breaks it into its component steps and finishes each task in sequence before starting the next step?

The Word

77 What then should we say? That the law is sin? By no means! Yet, if it had not been for the law, I would not have known sin. I would not have known what it is to covet if the law had not said, “You shall not covet.” 8 But sin, seizing an opportunity in the commandment, produced in me all kinds of covetousness. Apart from the law sin lies dead. 9 I was once alive apart from the law, but when the commandment came, sin revived 10 and I died, and the very commandment that promised life proved to be death to me. 11 For sin, seizing an opportunity in the commandment, deceived me and through it killed me. 12 So the law is holy, and the commandment is holy and just and good. 

13 Did what is good, then, bring death to me? By no means! It was sin, working death in me through what is good, in order that sin might be shown to be sin, and through the commandment might become sinful beyond measure. 

14 For we know that the law is spiritual; but I am of the flesh, sold into slavery under sin. 15 I do not understand my own actions. For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate. 16 Now if I do what I do not want, I agree that the law is good. 17 But in fact it is no longer I that do it, but sin that dwells within me. 18 For I know that nothing good dwells within me, that is, in my flesh. I can will what is right, but I cannot do it. 19 For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do. 20 Now if I do what I do not want, it is no longer I that do it, but sin that dwells within me. 

21 So I find it to be a law that when I want to do what is good, evil lies close at hand. 22 For I delight in the law of God in my inmost self,
23 but I see in my members another law at war with the law of my mind, making me captive to the law of sin that dwells in my members.
24 Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death? 25Thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord!

So then, with my mind I am a slave to the law of God, but with my flesh I am a slave to the law of sin. 

8There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. 2 For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death. 3 For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do: by sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and to deal with sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, 4 so that the just requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. 5 For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit. 6 To set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. 7 For this reason the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God; it does not submit to God’s law—indeed it cannot, 8 and those who are in the flesh cannot please God. 

9 But you are not in the flesh; you are in the Spirit, since the Spirit of God dwells in you. Anyone who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him. 10 But if Christ is in you, though the body is dead because of sin, the Spirit is life because of righteousness. 11 If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ from the dead will give life to your mortal bodies also through his Spirit that dwells in you. 

12 So then, brothers and sisters, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh— 13 for if you live according to the flesh, you will die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live.
14 For all who are led by the Spirit of God are children of God. 15 For you did not receive a spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received a spirit of adoption. When we cry, “Abba! Father!” 16 it is that very Spirit bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God, 17 and if children, then heirs, heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ—if, in fact, we suffer with him so that we may also be glorified with him. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. How does Paul describe the situation of a Christian? What particular sin does he focus on? Why do you suppose he chose that one? What do you think about that sin? How has it affected you?

2. What is the role of the law in all this? How does the law affect a sinner? How does the law affect a person trying to keep the law? How does the law affect a Christian?

3. What is the role of sin in an unbeliever’s life? What it its role in a law-keeper’s life? What is its role in a believer’s life? How did Paul feel about this situation? How do you feel about it?

4. What dilemma does Paul face? Why is it such a problem for him? What does he say about the conflict? How does he deal with the conflict? How does he solve it?

5. How has God resolved the dilemma sin creates for humans? How does Christ’s death deal with the requirement of the law? What is the outcome of setting one’s mind on the “flesh?” What is the result of focusing on the Spirit? What are the differences?

6. Why is the believer “not in the flesh?” How does God accomplish this change? What is Christ’s role here? What does this mean for our individual lives?









Get Personal

What is your current understanding of sin? Of sins? How has God helped you understand the power of sin in your life? How does he help you deal with it?

Notes . . .

7:7. The law is not sin, but the law is the lens that identifies and clarifies what sin is — similar to the way eyeglasses help a person see clearly.
Covet — the 10th commandment is the one that goes straight to our inner life and shows us that our attitude about people and things is contrary to what God expects.
7:8. Opportunity — the Greek word also refers to the concept of a military base for an attack.
7:9. Once alive — people who are unaware of a rule or requirement usually think their actions are OK until some one points out the violation.
7:10. Promised life — God had told Israel: You shall keep my statutes and my ordinances, by doing so one shall live, [Lev 18:5].
7:13. Paul underscores that sin is what

leads to (“brings”) death; the commandment, which is holy and good [v. 12], makes us aware of the true nature of our thoughts and actions.
7:15-24. I do not understand — Paul expresses the frustrating situation facing Christians: our human-ness still responds to sin, even when we want to follow Christ and obey God. The ultimate solution to the problem is Jesus Christ. 
8:4. Walk according — through Christ God puts his Spirit within us [check Exe 36:27]. Christ’s sacrifice on the cross satisfies the “just requirement of the law.”
8:15. Adoption — under Roman law an adopted son had the same rights and privileges as a naturally born son – “joint heirs.”
Abba! Father! — “Daddy” in today’s English.

Memory Verse
When we cry “Abba! Father!” it is is that very Spirit bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God, [Romans 8:15-16].

Next Lesson
1 Corinthians 12: Spiritual Gifts.

63: The Council at Jerusalem — Acts 15:1-29

Get Ready

Who generally made the final decisions when there was an argument in your family? Mother? Dad? Another relative? How did this person gain this type of authority? How did you feel when you had to present your case — your side of the story — to this person?

The Word

15 Then certain individuals came down from Judea and were teaching the brothers, “Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.” 2 And after Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and debate with them, Paul and Barnabas and some of the others were appointed to go up to Jerusalem to discuss this question with the apostles and the elders. 3 So they were sent on their way by the church, and as they passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, they reported the conversion of the Gentiles, and brought great joy to all the believers.
4 When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all that God had done with them. 5 But some believers who belonged to the sect of the Pharisees stood up and said, “It is necessary for them to be circumcised and ordered to keep the law of Moses.” 

6 The apostles and the elders met together to consider this matter. 7 After there had been much debate, Peter stood up and said to them, “My brothers, you know that in the early days God made a choice among you, that I should be the one through whom the Gentiles would hear the message of the good news and become believers. 8 And God, who knows the human heart, testified to them by giving them the Holy Spirit, just as he did to us; 9 and in cleansing their hearts by faith he has made no distinction between them and us. 10 Now therefore why are you putting God to the test by placing on the neck of the disciples a yoke that neither our ancestors nor we have been able to bear? 11 On the contrary, we believe that we will be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they will.” 

12 The whole assembly kept silence, and listened to Barnabas and Paul as they told of all the signs and wonders that God had done through them among the Gentiles. 13 After they finished speaking, James replied, “My brothers, listen to me. 14 Simeon has related how God first looked favorably on the Gentiles, to take from among them a people for his name. 15 This agrees with the words of the prophets, as it is written, 

16 ‘After this I will return,
and I will rebuild the dwelling of David, which has fallen;
from its ruins I will rebuild it,
and I will set it up, and I will set it up, 
17 so that all other peoples may seek the Lord—even all the Gentiles over whom my name has been called.
Thus says the Lord, who has been making these things 18 known from long ago.’
19 Therefore I have reached the decision that we should not trouble those Gentiles who are turning to God, 20 but we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by idols and from fornication and from whatever has been strangled and from blood. 21 For in every city, for generations past, Moses has had those who proclaim him, for he has been read aloud every sabbath in the synagogues.” 

22 Then the apostles and the elders, with the consent of the whole church, decided to choose men from among their members and to send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They sent Judas called Barsabbas, and Silas, leaders among the brothers, 23 with the following letter: “The brothers, both the apostles and the elders, to the believers of Gentile origin in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia, greetings. 24 Since we have heard that certain persons who have gone out from us, though with no instructions from us, have said things to disturb you and have unsettled your minds,
25 we have decided unanimously to choose representatives and send them to you, along with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, 26 who have risked their lives for the sake of our Lord Jesus Christ. 27 We have therefore sent Judas and Silas, who themselves will tell you the same things by word of mouth. 28 For it has seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to impose on you no further burden than these essentials: 29 that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled and from fornication. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell.” NRSV

Get into the Word

1. How does this dispute get started? Why do you suppose the “men from Judea” went to Antioch first? What is the issue these men are raising? Why would this be so important to the men? Why would it be important to Paul and Barnabas? [see Notes]

2. How is the argument resolved? Why do you think the Antioch church decided to go to Jerusalem for a decision? 

3. What happens when the delegation arrives in Jerusalem? How do you suppose Paul and Barnabas felt at first?

4. Who raises the circumcision question? Why would these people be concerned? What happens next? How do you think Paul and Barnabas felt at this point? How would you have felt?

5. How does Peter respond to the question about circumcizing the Gentile Christians? What is the basis for his position? How does the council react to his remarks?

6. How does James respond to Peter’s argument? Do you think this may have surprised people in the meeting? Why?What must Gentile Christians avoid? Why did the Council include these and not others? How did they communicate their decision?






Get Personal

How do you deal with questions regarding your faith? What authorities do you rely on? Who do you look to for clarification or interpretation? How does God help you live out your beliefs each day?

Notes . . .

15:1. Circumcision — actually more than a “custom,” circumcision was the physical sign of being part of the covenant God made with Abraham: This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised, [Gen 17:10-11,14]. The Judaizers based their argument that Gentiles must be circumcised on the requirement regarding Passover, [Ex 12:48-49].
15:4. Whole church — this meeting, called the “Jerusalem Council,” was held in 49 or 50 A.D.
15:5. Pharisees — the religious [and political] party in Israel that insisted on strict adherence to Mosaic Law — and to the many interpretations, additions and rituals that had grown alongside the law over time. 
15:7-10. Peter is referring to the conversion of Cornelius’ household in Acts 10:34-46.

15:10. Yoke — a harness, usually wooden, that allowed two animals to work together pulling a wagon or plow. The term was often used as a metaphor for a burden or responsibility.
15:13. James — Jesus’s brother, who became a Christian after Jesus’s death. He became the leader of the Jerusalem church and is considered the author of “James” in the New Testament.
15:16-18. James is combining several Old Testament passages in his remarks: Amos 9:11, Psalm 22:27, Isaiah 49:6, and Joel 2:32. 
15:20-21. Abstain — the four things Gentile Christians should avoid are all rooted in Mosaic Law [idols: Ex 20:3-4 and Ex 20:23; blood: Lev 3:17 and Lev 17:12; strangled animals: Ex 22:31; and fornication (sexual immorality): Lev 18]

Memory Verse
God, who knows the human heart, testified to them by giving them the Holy Spirit, just as he did to us; and in cleansing their hearts by faith he has made no distinction between them and us.
[Acts 15:8-9].

Next Lesson
Romans 7-8: The Law and sin, and life in the Spirit.

62: Saul meets Jesus – Acts 9:1-31

Get Ready

How would you describe your “trust quotient?” Do you tend to accept people at their word, or are you skeptical and wait to see if a person’s acts are consistent with their words? How would you deal with a person who claims to be drastically different than they were before?

The Word

9Meanwhile Saul, still breathing threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest 2 and asked him for letters to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any who belonged to the Way, men or women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem.
3 Now as he was going along and approaching Damascus, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. 4 He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” 5 He asked, “Who are you, Lord?” The reply came, “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. 6 But get up and enter the city, and you will be told what you are to do.” 7 The men who were traveling with him stood speechless because they heard the voice but saw no one. 8 Saul got up from the ground, and though his eyes were open, he could see nothing; so they led him by the hand and brought him into Damascus. 9 For three days he was without sight, and neither ate nor drank. 

10 Now there was a disciple in Damascus named Ananias. The Lord said to him in a vision, “Ananias.” He answered, “Here I am, Lord.” 11 The Lord said to him, “Get up and go to the street called Straight, and at the house of Judas look for a man of Tarsus named Saul. At this moment he is praying, 12 and he has seen in a vision a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him so that he might regain his sight.” 13 But Ananias answered, “Lord, I have heard from many about this man, how much evil he has done to your saints in Jerusalem; 14 and here he has authority from the chief priests to bind all who invoke your name.” 15 But the Lord said to him, “Go, for he is an instrument whom I have chosen to bring my name before Gentiles and kings and before the people of Israel; 16 I myself will show him how much he must suffer for the sake of my name.” 17 So Ananias went and entered the house. He laid his hands on Saul and said, “Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on your way here, has sent me so that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” 18 And immediately something like scales fell from his eyes, and his sight was restored. Then he got up and was baptized,
19 and after taking some food, he regained his strength.

For several days he was with the disciples in Damascus, 20 and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, “He is the Son of God.” 21 All who heard him were amazed and said, “Is not this the man who made havoc in Jerusalem among those who invoked this name? And has he not come here for the purpose of bringing them bound before the chief priests?” 22 Saul became increasingly more powerful and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus by proving that Jesus was the Messiah. 

23 After some time had passed, the Jews plotted to kill him, 24 but their plot became known to Saul. They were watching the gates day and night so that they might kill him; 25 but his disciples took him by night and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a basket. 

26 When he had come to Jerusalem, he attempted to join the disciples; and they were all afraid of him, for they did not believe that he was a disciple. 27 But Barnabas took him, brought him to the apostles, and described for them how on the road he had seen the Lord, who had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus.
28 So he went in and out among them in Jerusalem, speaking boldly in the name of the Lord. 29 He spoke and argued with the Hellenists; but they were attempting to kill him.
30 When the believers learned of it, they brought him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus. 

31 Meanwhile the church throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria had peace and was built up. Living in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, it increased in numbers. NRSV

Get into the Word:

1. What is Saul doing as the story opens? Why does Saul want to go to Damascus? What happens to him during the trip? How does Saul respond? How do the people with him react? How might you have reacted?

2. What happens to Saul next? Why do you think he was blind and didn’t eat for three days?

3. Who does God choose to go to Saul? What is his initial reaction? Why is he reluctant? How does God deal with this situation? What rationale does God give for selecting Saul?

4. What does Ananias do? What happens to Saul as a result? How does Saul respond to this development?

5. How long does Saul wait to put his zeal to work for Christ? What did he do? How did the Jews in Damascus react to the “new” Saul? Do you think Saul was aware of the effect he was having on his former allies?

6. How does Saul avoid the Jews who want to kill him? Where does he go after he escapes? How do the believers in Jerusalem respond to him? How do you think you would have felt? Who intercedes for Saul? How did he help Saul gain acceptance by the church leaders?








Get Personal

There is a difference between “knowing about Jesus” and actually “knowing him.” How has Jesus revealed himself to you? How has this affected your walk with him?

Notes . . .

9:1. Saul — was born in Tarsus, the capital city of Cilicia in Asia Minor. His father was a Roman citizen and his mother was Jewish. Just as he had a Jewish and Roman heritage (he was a member of the tribe of Benjamin), he had Jewish (Saul) and Roman (Paul) names. He studied under Gamaliel, the most respected rabbi of his time and his Jewish heritage was clearly more important to him. 
9:2. Damascus — continues as the capital of Syria. In fact, it is credited with being the oldest continually-inhabited city in the world, and is mentioned in connection with Abraham’s journey to Canaan. Because of its location at the junction of major trade routes it was a cosmopolitan city then and now.
Letters — Saul wanted letters of extradition so he could force the Christians in Damascus to renounce their faith or return to Jerusalem for trial.
The Way — an early name for Christianity.

9:9. Three days — it is not uncommon that a person who experiences a traumatic shock also experiences temporary physiological effects, such as loss of sight or hearing. Saul’s meeting with Jesus reversed every aspect of his life prior to that moment.
9:17. Hands — here is another instance of a person’s touch being involved with receiving the Holy Spirit. 
9:25. Opening — probably a window in a room adjacent to the city wall. Saul is not the first Biblical hero to leave a city in this fashion: Then she let [Joshua and Caleb] down by a rope through the window, for her house was on the outer side of the city wall, [Josh 2:15]; and, So Michal let David down through the window, and he fled and escaped, [1 Sam 19:12].
9:27. Barnabas — now a leader in the Jerusalem church [Acts 4:36-37], he is able to pave the way for Saul to join with the believers in Jerusalem.

Memory Verse
Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus has sent me so that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit, [Acts 9:17].

Next Lesson
Acts 15: Jerusalem Council.

61: Acts of the Apostles – Introduction & Pentecost — Acts 2:1-36

Get Ready

The Acts of the Apostles is really part two of a two-part work on Jesus’s life and ministry and the development of the early Christian church – the Gospel of Luke (which precedes John’s Gospel) dealt with Jesus’s life, ministry, death and resurrection. Acts is the story of what happened next.

Author

As noted in Lesson 57, the writer does not identify himself in either book; however, almost all authorities agree that Luke – the physician who traveled with Paul [Col 4:14] – wrote these two books. Luke was a Gentile and probably Greek. The literary quality of his writing indicates a classical education, appropriate for a physician.

There is less agreement regarding when Luke wrote. Most scholars believe he had access to Mark’s Gospel which puts his writing sometime after 60 CE. He also mentions the destruction of Temple, which Jesus prophesied, which leads some to conclude he wrote after that event (70 CE). However, Acts ends before Jerusalem was destroyed, which points to a date sometime between 60 and 65.

Context

Luke probably wrote Acts while in Rome with Paul during the Apostle’s house arrest [2 Timothy 4:11]. This was a period of great growth in the church as the message reached the Gentile’s throughout the Roman Empire. It was also a time of fairly constant dissension and growing persecution:

  • The dissension came from differences between Judaizers, who insisted that a Gentile had to follow Jewish law in order to become a Christian, and Paul’s followers who preached salvation by grace through faith, [which is a gift of God] – not the result of works, so that no one may boast, Eph 2:8-9].
  • The persecution increased as emperors presented themselves as gods and demanded allegiance from all subjects of the empire, while persecuting those who did not acknowledge their divinity.

Structure

Luke opens this part of his work with a brief introduction: In the first book, Theophilus, I wrote about all that Jesus did and taught from the beginning until the day when he was taken up to Heaven, after giving instructions through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had chosen, [1:1-2]. He follows with a quick synopsis of his resurrection appearances before describing his ascension and final instruction to the Apostles: You will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth, [1:8].

Luke then presents three primary sections – each presenting a “history” of the emerging Christian church:

  • The twelve years following Jesus’s ascension, focusing primarily on the development of the church in Jerusalem, but including Saul’s conversion on the road to Damascus, [chapters 1-12].
  • Paul’s three missionary journeys to Greece and Asia Minor, which expanded the church geographically and spiritually by including Gentiles, [chapters 13-21].
  • Paul’s arrest, imprisonment, trials in Palestine, and trip to Rome for his trial before Caesar (which actually did not happen), [chapters 21-28].

Major Themes

While the narrative of Acts follows the development of the church according to Jesus’s direction (Jerusalem, then Judea and Samaria, then all the earth, Luke also traces the development of Christian theology.

The church began as a small-but-growing group of Jews. These early followers of “The Way” continued to follow all the requirements of the Mosaic law. They even met in the temple in Jerusalem (and in synagogues as the church spread to other areas in Palestine). They believed following Jesus was the culmination of their Jewish faith.

God starts to break this pattern when he sends Peter to meet with Cornelius and his family. Peter realizes the same Holy Spirit that he received has “fallen” on Cornelius’ entire family, so he baptizes them [10:44-48]. He reported back to Jerusalem that God has given even to the Gentiles the repentance that leads to life, [11:18].

The issue comes to a head when Paul, along with Barnabas (who originally introduced him to the leaders [9:27]), returns to Jerusalem. The Apostles and other leaders conclude the church should not trouble those Gentiles who are turning to God, [15:19], by requiring circumcision or adherence to the law. They did require abstaining from food sacrificed to idols (which became a problem in several Greek churches), and from eating food with blood or that had resulted from strangulation, and from fornication [15:29].

Luke makes it very clear that the Holy Spirit is the primary force behind the growth and development of the church. The Holy Spirit led, nudged and sometimes yanked the early Christians to spread the “Good News” of salvation through Christ to the Gentile world. He does not tell us everything that happened, and he does not detail how the Holy Spirit worked in the early church – which is a very similar picture to his work in the church today.

Get into the Word

1. Who wrote this book? What other Biblical book has the same author? What do we know about this author? Who was a major source of information for this book? When was this book probably written?

2. Where was the book probably written? What was happening during the time this book was written? How might these events have affected the book? How might they have affected the church?

3. How did the author organize this book? How does it begin? How does the author characterize Jesus and the Apostles? What direction does Jesus give them? How do you suppose they responded to this direction? How do you respond?

4. What are the three major sections of this book? How are they organized? What are the key events in each section? Why do you think the author chose the events he did and not others? What sort of picture do they present of the early Christian church?

5. What is the overall pattern of this book? Who established this pattern? What does the author describe that parallels this pattern?

Bible Trivia
This book has also been called “The Acts,” “The Gospel of the Holy Ghost,” and “The Gospel of the Resurrection.” It deals almost exclusively with the ministry of Peter and Paul, so it is really “The Acts (or some of them, at least) of a couple of the Apostles.”

6. How did the church begin? Who was involved? What was the major source of guidance or direction? Where did the early believers meet? Why was this appropriate then? Why is it not appropriate now?

7. How did this pattern of worship and ritual begin to change? Who was responsible for these changes? What events contributed to this change? Who was involved in these events? What decisions did the church ultimately make regarding religious practices?

8. Who is the major instigator of the expansion of the Christian church, according to Luke? Who is the primary initiator of change in today’s Christian church?

61: Pentecost: the Holy Spirit & Peter’s Message – Acts 2:1-36

Get Ready

What is the largest crowd you have been part of? What was the crowd for? Where was it? Where were you in the crowd? Was there a long wait for something to happen? What did happen? How did you feel about your experience? Was it the kind of experience you would like to repeat? Why?

The Word

2When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. 2 And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. 3 Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. 4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability. 

5 Now there were devout Jews from every nation under heaven living in Jerusalem. 6 And at this sound the crowd gathered and was bewildered, because each one heard them speaking in the native language of each.
7 Amazed and astonished, they asked, “Are not all these who are speaking Galileans?
8 And how is it that we hear, each of us, in our own native language? 9 Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia,
10 Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya belonging to Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes, 11 Cretans and Arabs—in our own languages we hear them speaking about God’s deeds of power.” 12 All were amazed and perplexed, saying to one another, “What does this mean?” 13 But others sneered and said, “They are filled with new wine.” 

14 But Peter, standing with the eleven, raised his voice and addressed them, “Men of Judea and all who live in Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and listen to what I say. 15 Indeed, these are not drunk, as you suppose, for it is only nine o’clock in the morning.
16 No, this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel: 
17 ‘In the last days it will be, God declares,
that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh,
and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
and your young men shall see visions,
and your old men shall dream dreams. 
18 Even upon my slaves, both men and women,
in those days I will pour out my Spirit;
and they shall prophesy. 
19 And I will show portents in the heaven above
and signs on the earth below,
blood, and fire, and smoky mist. 
20 The sun shall be turned to darkness
and the moon to blood,
before the coming of the Lord’s great and glorious day. 
21 Then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved.’ 

22 “You that are Israelites, listen to what I have to say: Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested to you by God with deeds of power, wonders, and signs that God did through him among you, as you yourselves know— 23 this man, handed over to you according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God, you crucified and killed by the hands of those outside the law. 24 But God raised him up, having freed him from death, because it was impossible for him to be held in its power. . . . 

32 This Jesus God raised up, and of that all of us are witnesses. 33 Being therefore exalted at the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that you both see and hear. 34 For David did not ascend into the heavens, but he himself says,

‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at my right hand, 
35 until I make your enemies your footstool.”’ 36 Therefore let the entire house of Israel know with certainty that God has made him both Lord and Messiah, this Jesus whom you crucified.” NRSV

Get into the Word

1. What is significant about the day of this incident? What were the apostles doing? Where were they?

2. How does Luke describe what happened to the apostles? What happened to them spiritually? How do you think they felt at first? How did they respond to the situation? Who was really at work here?

3. Why do you think Luke lists all the different countries? What was happening to the people in the crowd? How did they react? What did some people say was the reason for the Apostles’ speech? What difference did this make to the apostles?

4. How does Peter begin his message to the crowd? Why did he go to the Old Testament? Why did he choose this particular passage? What point is he trying to make about the tongues? Do you think the crowd understood?

5. What does Peter say about Jesus? How does he demonstrate who Jesus really is? What aspects of Jesus’s story does he focus on? What message about God is he trying to convey? What message about Jesus?






Get Personal

How does the fact of Jesus’s resurrection affect your life today? How is he Lord in your life? How is he exalted in your life today?

Notes . . .

2:1. Pentecost — originally the Feast of Weeks, because it takes place seven weeks after the Sabbath of Passover. It was also called the Feast of Harvest because it involved bringing the first fruits to the celebration.
2:4. Other languages — Jesus alerted the disciples to this event when he told them, “Go into all the world and proclaim the good news to the whole creation. The one who believes and is baptized will be saved, but the one who does not believe will be condemned. And these signs will accompany those who believe: by using my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues,” [Mark 16:15-17].
2:9-11. Parthians . . . Cretans and Arabs — Luke’s list of peoples and countries demonstrates the reach of the Holy Spirit. People had come from as far away as the Persian Gulf (Mesopotamia), the Caspian Sea (Parthia), the Black Sea (Cappadocia and Pontus), and modern Lybia (Cyrene).
2:18. Servants — Joel’s prophesy [2:28-32] describes a major difference between the former covenant when only leaders had received God’s Spirit, and the new covenant when all people will receive the Holy Spirit.

2:22. Miracles, wonders and signs — the Apostles began to realize the spiritual significance of Jesus’s miracles, which verified his claim to be the Messiah. John wrote his Gospel so people “may come to believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that through believing you may have life in his name,” [20:31].
2:23. Foreknowledge — Peter makes it clear that Jesus’s crucifixion was part of God’s “definite plan” of salvation; he was not just aware that it would happen. Peter’s goal is to make it clear to his Jewish audience that Jesus’s death and resurrection, as well as the presence of the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues, is part of the same history the Jews had celebrated for centuries.
2:25-31. David’s prophecy regarding Jesus.
2:36. Lord and Messiah — the central point of the apostles’ teaching was that God raised Jesus from death and exalted him as both Lord (ruler) and Messiah (“God’s anointed”). It was not what the Jews were expecting, but it is what God did.

Memory Verse
In the last days it will be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams,[Acts 2:17; Joel 2:28].

Next Lesson
Acts 9: Saul meets Jesus.

60: Promise of the Holy Spirit & the “True Vine” – John 14:15-15:17

Get Ready

How “green” is your thumb? Do you usually have a garden each year? Is it a flower garden or vegetable garden or a little of both? What do you grow (or hope to grow)? How well do plants grow in your garden? How much attention do you give your garden – weeding, fertilizing, watering, pruning, etc.?

The Word

14 15 If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 16 And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Advocate, to be with you forever. 17 This is the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, because he abides with you, and he will be in you.

18 “I will not leave you orphaned; I am coming to you. 19 In a little while the world will no longer see me, but you will see me; because I live, you also will live. 20 On that day you will know that I am in my Father, and you in me, and I in you. 21 They who have my commandments and keep them are those who love me; and those who love me will be loved by my Father, and I will love them and reveal myself to them.” 22 Judas (not Iscariot) said to him, “Lord, how is it that you will reveal yourself to us, and not to the world?” 23 Jesus answered him, “Those who love me will keep my word, and my Father will love them, and we will come to them and make our home with them. 24 Whoever does not love me does not keep my words; and the word that you hear is not mine, but is from the Father who sent me. 

25 “I have said these things to you while I am still with you. 26 But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you everything, and remind you of all that I have said to you. 27 Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled, and do not let them be afraid.
28 You heard me say to you, ‘I am going away, and I am coming to you.’ If you loved me, you would rejoice that I am going to the Father, because the Father is greater than I. 29 And now I have told you this before it occurs, so that when it does occur, you may believe. 30 I will no longer talk much with you, for the ruler of this world is coming. He has no power over me; 31 but I do as the Father has commanded me, so that the world may know that I love the Father. Rise, let us be on our way. 

15 “I am the true vine, and my Father is the vinegrower. 2 He removes every branch in me that bears no fruit. Every branch that bears fruit he prunes to make it bear more fruit. 3 You have already been cleansed by the word that I have spoken to you. 4 Abide in me as I abide in you. Just as the branch cannot bear fruit by itself unless it abides in the vine, neither can you unless you abide in me. 5 I am the vine, you are the branches. Those who abide in me and I in them bear much fruit, because apart from me you can do nothing. 6 Whoever does not abide in me is thrown away like a branch and withers; such branches are gathered, thrown into the fire, and burned. 7 If you abide in me, and my words abide in you, ask for whatever you wish, and it will be done for you. 8 My Father is glorified by this, that you bear much fruit and become my disciples. 9 As the Father has loved me, so I have loved you; abide in my love. 10 If you keep my commandments, you will abide in my love, just as I have kept my Father’s commandments and abide in his love. 11 I have said these things to you so that my joy may be in you, and that your joy may be complete. 

12 “This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you. 13 No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. 14 You are my friends if you do what I command you. 15 I do not call you servants any longer, because the servant does not know what the master is doing; but I have called you friends, because I have made known to you everything that I have heard from my Father. 16 You did not choose me but I chose you. And I appointed you to go and bear fruit, fruit that will last, so that the Father will give you whatever you ask him in my name. 17 I am giving you these commands so that you may love one another. NRSV

Get into the Word

1. Who is Jesus talking about here? Why would he introduce another “person” at this point? How do you think the disciples felt about this “Advocate?”

2. How does Jesus describe the Holy Spirit? What seem to be the important attributes of this member of the Trinity? What links the disciples to the Trinity? 

3. How does Jesus attempt to prepare the disciples for the immediate future? What gift does he leave with the disciples? What does he say about the larger picture?

4. What image does Jesus use next in describing the disciples? Why do you think he chose this image [see Notes]? 

5. How does Jesus describe the relationship between the disciples and himself? What does he tell the disciples to do? What will happen to those who do as Jesus says? To those who do not?

6. What is the relationship of love and Jesus’s commandments? How does this affect the disciples’ relationship with Jesus? With each other? 







Get Personal

How do you feel about being Jesus’s friend? How does this affect your daily walk with Jesus? How does this affect your relationship with other believers? With people who may not be believers? How does this affect your testimony about Jesus?

Notes . . .

14:16. Advocate — the Greek word is also translated “Counselor,” “Helper,” “Encourager,” and “Comforter.” This verse is also one of the first descriptions of the Trinity: Jesus, the human manifestation of God, says he will ask “the Father,” who will give another Advocate: “the Holy Spirit.” There clearly are three “persons” involved (or soon to be involved) with the disciples.
14:27. Peace — which comes from trusting in Jesus’s promises about our ultimate future.
15:1. Vine — vineyards, grapes and wine are common Old Testament images for Israel.
15:2. Removes . . . prunes — Jesus uses two different words here – those who bear no fruit (because they do not have Christ’s spirit) are cut off; but those who do bear fruit (because they do have his spirit) are pruned so they can continue to be fruitful.
15:3. Cleansed by the word — when we accept the Gospel we are cleansed of our sin and purified for our relationship with God through Christ.

15:4. Abide — we must be integrated into Christ and he must be an integral part of every aspect of our life.
15:9. As the Father has loved me — Jesus is not offering a discounted or “second label” love; his love for believers is the same complete and total love that the Father has for the Son.
15:12. Love one another as I have loved you — loving another person is a decision, not an emotion – the disciples were definitely not “likeable” at times, but Jesus still loved them. Jesus calls us to make such a decision about other people: to support, encourage, teach, admonish, guide, grow – and pray for them.
15:15. You are my friends — in Jesus’s time a rabbi’s disciples often were treated as slaves. At the same time Greek and Roman culture placed considerable emphasis on friendship, including loyalty, equality and intimacy (which Jesus underscores by saying he told the disciples “everything that I have heard from my Father”).

Memory Verse
I have called you friends, because I have made known to you everything that I have heard from my Father, [John 15:15].

Next Lesson
Acts 2: Pentecost